[Translated article] Spinopelvic dissociation: Current concepts.

INTRODUCTION: Spinopelvic dissociation is an uncommon injury, but, at the same time, very serious, since it can associate important complications with high morbidity and mortality. Its low frequency means that the experience of the specialists who have to deal with it is often very limited. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the treatment indications based in classifications and surgery techniques. METHOD: A search for scientific articles from high-impact journals was performed through international databases, such as Pubmed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Science Direct and OVID. CONCLUSIONS: The management of the injury we are analyzing represents a challenge. The diagnosis is carried out through a meticulous anamnesis and physical examination, supported by imaging tests, where tomography acquires special relevance. The treatment is fundamentally surgical, reserved the conservative option for a few cases. Triangular fixation is nowadays considered the treatment of choice.

Factores de riesgo de infección de fracturas de meseta tibial / Risk factors for infection of tibial plateau fractures

Introducción: Las fracturas de meseta tibial (FMT) son lesiones propensas a infecciones postoperatorias, siendo la incidencia descrita superior a la del resto de fracturas, entre un 5 y un 12%. Los objetivos primarios de este estudio fueron cuantificar la tasa de infección postoperatoria de osteosíntesis de FMT e identificar los factores de riesgo de esta. Material y métodos: Estudio de cohorte retrospectiva incluyendo a pacientes intervenidos de osteosíntesis de FMT entre 2015 y 2020, en un mismo centro. La población del estudio se dividió en 2 grupos, según la presencia o no de infección postoperatoria. Se recogieron variables demográficas relacionadas con la fractura, parámetros quirúrgicos, así como necesidad de reintervención. Finalmente, en caso de desbridamiento, se recogieron número de cultivos positivos y patógeno responsable de infección, así como el tratamiento aplicado. Resultados: Se incluyeron un total de 124 pacientes, con un total de 14 infecciones (tasa global de infección de 11,3%). Se identificaron como factores de riesgo para desarrollar infección el hecho de tratarse de fracturas abiertas (p=0,002), fracturas tipo Schatzker V y VI (p=0,002) y el uso de fijador externo (p<0,001). En lo que respecta a las variables quirúrgicas solo se identificó el mayor tiempo de isquemia (p=0,032) como factor de riesgo. S. aureus fue el microorganismo más frecuentemente identificado (43%), seguido de E. cloacae (35,7%). Conclusión: La tasa global de infección tras osteosíntesis de fractura de meseta tibial fue del 11,3%. Diferentes factores se asocian a más riesgo de infección, entre ellos la diabetes mellitus, las fracturas abiertas, el uso de fijador externo, un mayor grado en la clasificación de Schatzker o un mayor tiempo de isquemia intraoperatoria.(AU)

Introduction: Tibial plateau fractures are injuries prone to postoperative infection, with its reported incidence being higher than that of other fractures, between 5% and 12%. The primary objectives of this study were to quantify the postoperative infection rate of internal fixation of tibial plateau fractures (TPF) and to identify the risk factors for this. Material and methods: Retrospective cohort study including patients who underwent TPF osteosynthesis between 2015 and 2020, in the same center. The study population was divided into two groups, according to the presence or absence of postoperative infection. Demographic variables related to the fracture, surgical parameters, as well as the need for reoperation were collected. Finally, in the case of debridement, the number of positive cultures and the pathogen responsible for the infection were collected, as well as the treatment applied. Results: One hundred and twenty-four patients were included, with a total of 14 infections (global infection rate of 11.3%). Risk factors for developing infection were open fractures (P=.002), Schatzker V and VI type fractures (P=.002) and the use of external fixation (P<.001). Regarding the surgical variables, only the longest ischemia time (P=.032) was identified as a risk factor. S. aureus was the most frequently identified microorganism (43%), followed by E. cloacae (35.7%). Conclusion: The overall infection rate after osteosynthesis of tibial plateau fractures was 11.3%. Different factors are associated with a higher risk of infection, including diabetes mellitus, open fractures, the use of external fixation, a higher grade in the Schatzker classification or a longer intraoperative ischemia time.(AU)

[Translated article] Risk factors for infection of tibial plateau fractures / Factores de riesgo de infección de fracturas de meseta tibial

Introducción: Las fracturas de meseta tibial (FMT) son lesiones propensas a infecciones postoperatorias, siendo la incidencia descrita superior a la del resto de fracturas, entre un 5 y un 12%. Los objetivos primarios de este estudio fueron cuantificar la tasa de infección postoperatoria de osteosíntesis de FMT e identificar los factores de riesgo de esta. Material y métodos: Estudio de cohorte retrospectiva incluyendo a pacientes intervenidos de osteosíntesis de FMT entre 2015 y 2020, en un mismo centro. La población del estudio se dividió en 2 grupos, según la presencia o no de infección postoperatoria. Se recogieron variables demográficas relacionadas con la fractura, parámetros quirúrgicos, así como necesidad de reintervención. Finalmente, en caso de desbridamiento, se recogieron número de cultivos positivos y patógeno responsable de infección, así como el tratamiento aplicado. Resultados: Se incluyeron un total de 124 pacientes, con un total de 14 infecciones (tasa global de infección de 11,3%). Se identificaron como factores de riesgo para desarrollar infección el hecho de tratarse de fracturas abiertas (p=0,002), fracturas tipo Schatzker V y VI (p=0,002) y el uso de fijador externo (p<0,001). En lo que respecta a las variables quirúrgicas solo se identificó el mayor tiempo de isquemia (p=0,032) como factor de riesgo. S. aureus fue el microorganismo más frecuentemente identificado (43%), seguido de E. cloacae (35,7%). Conclusión: La tasa global de infección tras osteosíntesis de fractura de meseta tibial fue del 11,3%. Diferentes factores se asocian a más riesgo de infección, entre ellos la diabetes mellitus, las fracturas abiertas, el uso de fijador externo, un mayor grado en la clasificación de Schatzker o un mayor tiempo de isquemia intraoperatoria.(AU)

Introduction: Tibial plateau fractures are injuries prone to postoperative infection, with its reported incidence being higher than that of other fractures, between 5% and 12%. The primary objectives of this study were to quantify the postoperative infection rate of internal fixation of tibial plateau fractures (TPF) and to identify the risk factors for this. Material and methods: Retrospective cohort study including patients who underwent TPF osteosynthesis between 2015 and 2020, in the same center. The study population was divided into two groups, according to the presence or absence of postoperative infection. Demographic variables related to the fracture, surgical parameters, as well as the need for reoperation were collected. Finally, in the case of debridement, the number of positive cultures and the pathogen responsible for the infection were collected, as well as the treatment applied. Results: One hundred and twenty-four patients were included, with a total of 14 infections (global infection rate of 11.3%). Risk factors for developing infection were open fractures (P=.002), Schatzker V and VI type fractures (P=.002) and the use of external fixation (P<.001). Regarding the surgical variables, only the longest ischemia time (P=.032) was identified as a risk factor. S. aureus was the most frequently identified microorganism (43%), followed by E. cloacae (35.7%). Conclusion: The overall infection rate after osteosynthesis of tibial plateau fractures was 11.3%. Different factors are associated with a higher risk of infection, including diabetes mellitus, open fractures, the use of external fixation, a higher grade in the Schatzker classification or a longer intraoperative ischemia time.(AU)

[Translated article] Risk factors for infection of tibial plateau fractures.

INTRODUCTION: Tibial plateau fractures are injuries prone to postoperative infection, with its reported incidence being higher than that of other fractures, between 5% and 12%. The primary objectives of this study were to quantify the postoperative infection rate of internal fixation of tibial plateau fractures (TPFs) and to identify the risk factors for this. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective cohort study including patients who underwent TPF osteosynthesis between 2015 and 2020, in the same center. The study population was divided into two groups, according to the presence or absence of postoperative infection. Demographic variables related to the fracture, surgical parameters, as well as the need for reoperation were collected. Finally, in the case of debridement, the number of positive cultures and the pathogen responsible for the infection were collected, as well as the treatment applied. RESULTS: One hundred and twenty-four patients were included, with a total of 14 infections (global infection rate of 11.3%). Risk factors for developing infection were open fractures (p=.002), Schatzker V and VI type fractures (p=.002) and the use of external fixation (p<.001). Regarding the surgical variables, only the longest ischemia time (p=.032) was identified as a risk factor. Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequently identified microorganism (43%), followed by Enterobacter cloacae (35.7%). CONCLUSION: The overall infection rate after osteosynthesis of tibial plateau fractures was 11.3%. Different factors are associated with a higher risk of infection, including diabetes mellitus, open fractures, the use of external fixation, a higher grade in the Schatzker classification or a longer intraoperative ischemia time.

Risk factors for infection of tibial plateau fractures. / Factores de riesgo de infección de fracturas de meseta tibial.

INTRODUCTION: Tibial plateau fractures are injuries prone to postoperative infection, with its reported incidence being higher than that of other fractures, between 5% and 12%. The primary objectives of this study were to quantify the postoperative infection rate of internal fixation of tibial plateau fractures (TPF) and to identify the risk factors for this. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective cohort study including patients who underwent TPF osteosynthesis between 2015 and 2020, in the same center. The study population was divided into two groups, according to the presence or absence of postoperative infection. Demographic variables related to the fracture, surgical parameters, as well as the need for reoperation were collected. Finally, in the case of debridement, the number of positive cultures and the pathogen responsible for the infection were collected, as well as the treatment applied. RESULTS: One hundred and twenty-four patients were included, with a total of 14 infections (global infection rate of 11.3%). Risk factors for developing infection were open fractures (P=.002), Schatzker V and VI type fractures (P=.002) and the use of external fixation (P<.001). Regarding the surgical variables, only the longest ischemia time (P=.032) was identified as a risk factor. S. aureus was the most frequently identified microorganism (43%), followed by E. cloacae (35.7%). CONCLUSION: The overall infection rate after osteosynthesis of tibial plateau fractures was 11.3%. Different factors are associated with a higher risk of infection, including diabetes mellitus, open fractures, the use of external fixation, a higher grade in the Schatzker classification or a longer intraoperative ischemia time.

Spinopelvic dissociation: Current concepts. / Disociación espinopélvica, revisión de conceptos actuales.

INTRODUCTION: Spinopelvic dissociation is an uncommon injury, but, at the same time, very serious, since it can associate important complications with high morbidity and mortality. Its low frequency means that the experience of the specialists who have to deal with it is often very limited. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the treatment indications based in classifications and surgery techniques. METHOD: A search for scientific articles from high-impact journals was performed through international databases, such as Pubmed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Science Direct and OVID. CONCLUSIONS: The management of the injury we are analyzing represents a challenge. The diagnosis is carried out through a meticulous anamnesis and physical examination, supported by imaging tests, where tomography acquires special relevance. The treatment is fundamentally surgical, reserved the conservative option for a few cases. Triangular fixation is nowadays considered the treatment of choice.

Retirada de elementos de osteosíntesis asociados a cirugías de trauma maxilofacial en hospital público de Santiago de Chile. Estudio retrospectivo de 4 años / Removal of osteosynthesis elements associated with maxillofacial trauma surgery in a public hospital in Santiago, Chile. Retrospective study of 4 years

Introducción: El manejo quirúrgico del trauma maxilofacial implica el uso elementos de osteosíntesis (OTS) para la reducción abierta y fijación interna rígida. Sin embargo, existen razones que determinan su retirada. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la prevalencia de la retirada del material de osteosíntesis y sus causas en el Hospital San José de Santiago de Chile entre los años 2018 y 2021.Metodología: Estudio retrospectivo descriptivo. Se seleccionaron pacientes intervenidos quirúrgicamente por trauma maxilofacial durante el periodo de 4 años. Se analizaron número de pacientes operados, edad, género, comorbilidades, sitio de fractura, cantidad de cirugías de retirada y tiempo en posición de dichos elementos. Referente a la remoción, se obtuvo localización y etiología.Resultados: Las cirugías por trauma maxilofacial correspondieron a 176; de estas, 17 (9,66 %) requirieron la retirada de OTS, retirando un total de 19 elementos. La edad promedio fue 36,5 años. El género masculino predominó sobre el femenino (3,25:1). La zona anatómica frecuente de retirada fue la mandíbula (94,7 %), especialmente el ángulo mandibular. Las principales causas fueron exposición de placa y/o tornillos y la infección del sitio quirúrgico (36,8 %). La mayoría de las retiradas de OTS ocurrieron antes de los 12 meses (84 %) con un tiempo promedio en posición de 10,23 meses.Conclusiones: Los resultados encontrados muestran una baja prevalencia de la retira de OTS, los hombres son los más afectados, el sitio anatómico de retiro frecuente es el hueso mandibular, las causas principales son la exposición de la placa o infección. Estos hallazgos son concordantes con lo reportado en la literatura. (AU)

Introduction: Surgical management of maxillofacial trauma involves the use of osteosynthesis elements (OTS) for open reduction and rigid internal fixation. However, there are reasons that determine their removal. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of osteosynthesis material removal and its causes at Hospital San José in Santiago de Chile between 2018 and 2021.Methodology: Retrospective descriptive study. Patients who underwent surgery for maxillofacial trauma during the 4-year period were selected. The number of operated patients, age, gender, comorbidities, fracture site, number of removal surgeries and time in position of these elements were analyzed. Regarding removal, location and etiology were obtained.Results: There were 176 surgeries for maxillofacial trauma, of which 17 (9.66 %) required the removal of OTS, removing a total of 19 elements. The average age was 36.5 years. The male gender predominated over the female (3.25:1). The frequent anatomical area of removal was the mandible (94.7 %), especially the mandibular angle. The main causes were plaque and/or screw exposure and surgical site infection (36.8 %). Most OTS removals occurred before 12 months (84 %) with an average time in position of 10.23 months.Conclusions: The results found show a low prevalence of OTS removal, males are the most affected, the frequent anatomical site of removal is the mandibular bone, the main causes are plaque exposure or infection. These findings are consistent with those reported in the literature. (AU)

Rendimiento Biomecánico de las Placas de Tibia Proximal Utilizadas en Fracturas de Platillos Tibiales evaluado a través de Modelos de Elementos Finitos: Protocolo de Revisión Sistemática / A systematic Review Protocol Examining the Biomechanical Performance of Proximal Tibial Plates used in Tibial Plate Fractures assessed by Finite Element Analysis

Objetivo. Analizar el rendimiento biomecánico de las placas de tibia proximal utilizadas en fracturas de platillos tibiales evaluado a través de modelos de elementos finitos. Métodos. Se realizará una búsqueda exhaustiva en PubMed/Medline, Embase, Lilacs, Web of Science y Google Scholar. No se utilizará ninguna restricción de idioma o estado de publicación. Dos revisores examinarán de forma independiente los posibles artículos elegibles, de acuerdo con los criterios de selección predefinidos. Se incluirán los estudios que evalúen el rendimiento de los platillos tibiales proximales utilizados en las fracturas del platillo tibial evaluadas mediante el análisis de elementos finitos. La extracción de datos sobre las características del estudio, los métodos, los resultados y la evaluación del riesgo de sesgo se realizará mediante un formulario estandarizado. Considerando el diseño de estudio no se requiere evaluación por comité de ética. Los resultados de esta revisión se difundirán a través de la publicación en revistas revisadas por pares, redes sociales y congresos de la especialidad. Se espera que los resultados de esta revisión permitan optimizar los resultados del manejo quirúrgico de las fracturas de platillos tibiales. Número de registro PROSPERO: CRD42023396015.

Objetive. To analyze the biomechanical performance of proximal tibial plates used in tibial plate fractures evaluated through finite element modeling. Methods. A comprehensive search will be conducted in PubMed/Medline, Embase, Lilacs, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. No language or publication status restrictions will be used. Two reviewers will independently review potential eligible articles according to predefined selection criteria. Studies evaluating the performance of proximal tibial splints used in tibial splint fractures assessed by finite element analysis will be included. Data extraction on study characteristics, methods, results, and risk of bias assessment will be performed using a standardized form. Considering the study design, evaluation by an ethics committee is not required. The results of this review will be disseminated through publication in peer-reviewed journals, social networks and specialty congresses. It is expected that the results of this review will allow optimizing the results of the surgical management of tibial plate fractures. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42023396015.

Fracture treatment in atrophic mandible.

BACKGROUND: Fractures of the atrophic mandible have been historically treated in various ways, from intermaxillary fixation to internal fixation, some cases require bone grafts. Besides, the Luhr classification serves as a guide to select the type of treatment. OBJECTIVE: To show the treatment of fractures in atrophic mandible with plates and screws, and the potential indications of bone graft in this type of fractures. METHOD: We presented a serie of 17 patients with atrophic mandible treated with plates and screws, some of them no blocked system and other with locked screws. For patients in luhr classes II and III cancellous bone grafts were used, looking for best osteogenic response, harvesting for the proximal third of the tibia. RESULTS: Postoperative progress was generally uneventful. Oral intake with purees was resumed 24 hours after surgery, as well as ambulation. Fracture healing at 6 months was seen in 17 patients. One patient died before the 6-month time point as the result of a stroke. Delayed union was diagnosed 3 months after surgery in another patient, who refused secondary treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of fractures in atrophic mandibles with plates and screws is a reliable procedure. Luhr classification provide useful guidance regarding the use of bone grafts for best osteogenic response in the fracture. This treatment allows a quick restart of the feeding by mouth and movilization of the patients.

ANTECEDENTES: Las fracturas en mandíbula atrófica han sido tratadas desde con fijación intermaxilar hasta con osteosíntesis. Pueden requerir injertos óseos. La clasificación de Luhr es una guía para orientar el tratamiento. OBJETIVO: Mostrar el tratamiento de fracturas en mandíbula atrófica con placas y tornillos y las posibles indicaciones de uso de injerto óseo en este tipo de fracturas. MÉTODO: Se presenta una serie de 17 pacientes con mandíbula atrófica fracturada tratada con placas y tornillos, algunas con sistemas no bloqueados y otros bloqueados. En las de clase II and III se aplicó injerto óseo esponjoso para mejorar la capacidad osteogénica. El injerto se tomó del tercio proximal de la tibia, previa evaluación radiológica. RESULTADOS: La evolución en general fue satisfactoria. Se inició la vía oral con papillas y los pacientes deambularon a las 24 h de posoperatorio. Se observó consolidación en 17 pacientes. Hubo una defunción por enfermedad vascular cerebral antes de 6 meses. Una paciente tuvo retardo de consolidación diagnosticado al tercer mes, pero no aceptó tratamiento secundario. CONCLUSIONES: El tratamiento de las fracturas mandibulares atróficas con placa y tornillos bajo concepto de carga absorbida es un procedimiento confiable. La clasificación de Luhr es útil para orientar la utilización de injerto óseo, buscando mejorar la capacidad osteogénica en la fractura. Este tratamiento permite un pronto reinicio de la vía oral, así como la movilización de los pacientes.

[Translated article] Comparative clinical and biomechanical study of different types of osteosynthesis in the treatment of distal femur fractures.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Distal femoral fractures represent a problem due to their high number of complications. The aim was to compare the results, complications and stability achieved with retrograde intramedullary nailing and the angular stable plate in the treatment of distal femoral diaphyseal fractures. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A clinical and experimental biomechanical study was carried out using finite elements. The results of the simulations allowed us to obtain the main results related to the stability of osteosynthesis. For clinical follow-up data, frequencies were used for qualitative variables, and Fisher's exact test and χ2 test were used to evaluate the significance of the different factors, with the condition of P<.05. RESULTS: In the biomechanical study, the retrograde intramedullar nails demonstrated superiority, obtaining lower values in terms of global displacement, maximum tension, torsion resistance, and bending resistance. In the clinical study, the rate of consolidation of the plates was lower than nails (77% vs. 96%, P=.02). The factor that most influenced the healing of fractures treated with plate were the central cortical thickness (P=.019). The factor that most influenced the healing of nail-treated fractures was the difference between the diameter of the medullary canal and the nail. CONCLUSIONS: Our biomechanical study shows that both osteosynthesis provide sufficient stability, but biomechanically behaves differently. Nails provide greater overall stability being preferable the use of long nails adjusted to the diameter of the canal. Plates form less rigid osteosynthesis, with little resistance to bending.

Comparative clinical and biomechanical study of different types of osteosynthesis in the treatment of distal femur fractures. / Estudio comparativo clínico y biomecánico de distintos tipos de osteosíntesis en el tratamiento de fracturas distales de fémur.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Distal femoral fractures represent a problem due to their high number of complications. The aim was to compare the results, complications and stability achieved with retrograde intramedullary nailing and the angular stable plate in the treatment of distal femoral diaphyseal fractures. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A clinical and experimental biomechanical study was carried out using finite elements. The results of the simulations allowed us to obtain the main results related to the stability of osteosynthesis. For clinical follow-up data, frequencies were used for qualitative variables, and Fisher's exact test and χ2 test were used to evaluate the significance of the different factors, with the condition of P<.05. RESULTS: In the biomechanical study, the retrograde intramedullar nails demonstrated superiority, obtaining lower values in terms of global displacement, maximum tension, torsion resistance, and bending resistance. In the clinical study, the rate of consolidation of the plates was lower than nails (77% vs. 96%, P=.02). The factor that most influenced the healing of fractures treated with plate were the central cortical thickness (P=.019). The factor that most influenced the healing of nail-treated fractures was the difference between the diameter of the medullary canal and the nail. CONCLUSIONS: Our biomechanical study shows that both osteosynthesis provide sufficient stability, but biomechanically behaves differently. Nails provide greater overall stability being preferable the use of long nails adjusted to the diameter of the canal. Plates form less rigid osteosynthesis, with little resistance to bending.

Fracturas de acetábulo tratadas mediante osteosíntesis. Resultados a largo plazo / Surgical treatment of acetabular fractures. Long term outcomes

Resumen: Introducción: las fracturas de acetábulo constituyen entre el 0.3 y 0.6% total de fracturas observadas, siendo estás lesiones relativamente infrecuentes. Objetivo: evaluar los resultados clínico-radiológicos del tratamiento quirúrgico mediante osteosíntesis de fracturas acetabulares con un seguimiento mínimo de 11.5 años. El objetivo secundario fue determinar la tasa de fracaso de la cadera de estos pacientes e identificar los factores de riesgo implicados. Materia y métodos: analizamos retrospectivamente una muestra de 23 pacientes intervenidos de fractura acetabular mediante reducción abierta y fijación interna, con un seguimiento medio de 14 años (11.5-17.5). Clasificamos las fracturas según Judet y Letournel en simples y complejas. Analizamos la evolución clínica y radiológica de estos pacientes mediante la escala de Harris. Resultados: obtuvimos una puntuación media de 81.90/100, objetivamos mejores resultados en fracturas de trazo simple respecto a fracturas complejas (p = 0.027). Evidenciamos mejores resultados clínicos en los pacientes con una reducción anatómica de la fractura (86.9/100), respecto a los que no fue posible (74.38/100) (p = 0.033). Fue necesaria la reintervención con artroplastía por mala evolución clínica en tres pacientes (13%). Como predictores de mal pronóstico para el desarrollo de coxartrosis identificamos las fracturas complejas y la reducción no anatómica de la fractura (p < 0.05). Encontramos relación entre índice de masa corporal (IMC) > 30 con peores resultados funcionales (p = 0.151). Conclusiones: el tratamiento quirúrgico de pacientes tratados con fracturas acetabulares presenta buenos resultados clínicos y radiológicos a largo plazo. Como factores de riesgo para la progresión de coxartrosis con suficiente impronta clínica como para ser necesaria una artroplastía identificamos, las fracturas complejas, la reducción no anatómica y un IMC > 30.

Abstract: Introduction: acetabular fractures constitute between 0.3 and 0.6% of all observed fractures, being these injuries relatively infrequent. Objective: to evaluate clinical and radiological outcomes of surgical treatment of patients with acetabular fracture treated in our hospital with a minimal follow-up of 11.5 years. The secondary objective is to determine the rate of failure in the hip joint of these patients and establish risk factors that are involved. Material and methods: 23 patients with acetabular fractures that were treated by open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) were retrospectively analysed. They were follow-up during an average of 14 years (range 11.5-17.5). Fractures were classified by Judet y Letournel as simple or complex. Clinical and radiological outcomes were analysed by Harris scale. Results: We obtained an average of 81.90/100 on the Harris scale, aiming at better outcomes on simple fractures compare to those that were complex (p = 0.027). Higher scores were also achieved on those patients with an anatomical reduction (p = 0.033). Three patients required revision and placement of a total arthoplasty (13%). However, patients with body mass index (BMI) > 30 tend to achieve poor clinical results (p = 0.151). Conclusions: ORIF may be suggested for acetabular fractures since good clinical and radiological outcomes were recorded on a long-term follow-up. Complex fractures, non-anatomical reduction and BMI > 30 were identified as risk factors to coxarthrosis progression.

Dehiscencia de herida quirúrgica y exposición material de osteosíntesis. ¿Infección segura? / Surgical wound dehiscence and exposed hardware. Infection foretold?

Resumen: Introducción: la dehiscencia de herida quirúrgica con exposición de material de fijación interna es un grave problema en cirugía ortopédica y un factor importante de infección. Objetivo: descripción del caso inusual de un paciente adulto con dehiscencia de la herida quirúrgica y exposición completa de 20 cm de largo de una placa de cúbito tras seis años de la cirugía, sin signos de infección, consolidación ósea y reepitelización debajo de la placa y adherida al hueso. Caso clínico: hombre de 39 años que sufrió una fractura-luxación de Monteggia, abierta grado II y multifragmentaria. El paciente tenía historia de drogodependencia en tratamiento con metadona. Fue tratado con fijación interna del cúbito mediante una placa de reconstrucción larga. Postoperatoriamente, el paciente dejó de acudir para evaluación. A los seis años de la cirugía presentaba una completa exposición de la placa (20 cm de longitud), sin signos de infección y consolidación con malalineación de la fractura. Tras el retiro de la placa se observó epitelización espontánea adherida al lecho óseo cubital. La cobertura cutánea fue completa a los dos meses. Conclusión: aunque inusual, es posible la consolidación ósea y la ausencia de infección en una fractura abierta con exposición de larga evolución de una placa de antebrazo en el adulto.

Abstract: Introduction: surgical wound dehiscence with exposure of internal fixation material is a serious problem in orthopedic surgery and an important factor for infection. Objective: presentation of an unusual case of an adult patient with surgical wound dehiscence and complete exposure of 20 cm of the ulnar plate after six years of surgery, without infection signs, with bone healing and skin behind the plate. Case presentation: 39-year-old man with an open Gustilo II Monteggia fracture-dislocation multifracture. The patient had a history of drug dependence. He had an open reduction and internal fixation with an ulnar reconstruction plate. The patient did not have any follow-up. After six years of the surgery, there was a complete exposure of the plate (20 cm) without infection and healing of the fracture with misalignment. After removing the plate, we observed spontaneous epithelialization attached to the bone bed. Skin coverage was complete at two months. Conclusion: although unusual, bone consolidation without infection is possible in an open fracture with long-standing exposure to a forearm plate in the adult.

Resultados a corto plazo del tratamiento de fracturas de cadera en población infantil / Short-term results of the treatment of hip fractures in children

INTRODUCCIÓN Las fracturas del fémur proximal pediátricas son infrecuentes, se asocian a traumas de alta energía, y presentan complicaciones devastadoras. La mayoría de los casos se tratan en forma quirúrgica utilizando diversos tipos de fijación. El objetivo de este estudio es reportar los resultados de una serie de casos de pacientes quirúrgicos en dos hospitales de referencia en Chile. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS Serie de casos tratados entre el 2004y el 2018, en la que se incluyeron pacientes pediátricos con diagnóstico de fractura de fémur proximal que fueron operados. Se realizó estadística descriptiva de las variables demográficas, la energía del accidente, la clasificación según Delbet, el tipo de tratamiento, la técnica de osteosíntesis, la aparición de complicaciones, y la evaluación clínico-radiológica. RESULTADOS Se evaluaron 17 casos, de los cuales un 76,5% fueron secundarios a accidentes de alta energía. La mediana de edad de la muestra fue de 7 años, y había un 58,8% de niñas. Hubo 3 casos de tipo II en la clasificación de Delbet, 9 de tipo III, y 5 de tipo IV. Como método de fijación, se utilizaron tornillos canulados (9 casos), placa de compresión de bloqueo (locking compression plate, LCP, en inglés; 5 casos), tornillo dinámico de cadera (dynamic hip screw, DHS, en inglés; 2 casos), y placa de compresión dinámica (dynamic compression plate, DCP, en inglés; 1 caso). La mediana de seguimiento fue de 2,3 años (rango: 0,5 a 12,8 años). Se presentaron complicaciones: coxa vara en un caso, y discrepancia de longitud de extremidades inferiores en otro caso, y no hubo osteonecrosis. Se realizó retiro de osteosíntesis en siete pacientes. Se obtuvieron buenos resultados en todos los pacientes según los criterios de Ratliff. CONCLUSIONES La mayoría de las fracturas se asociaron a traumas de alta energía, siendo el tipo más frecuente el III de Delbet. Todos los pacientes fueron tratados en forma quirúrgica, con buenos resultados, sin observar osteonecrosis.

INTRODUCTION Pediatric hip fractures are infrequent, associated with high-energy trauma, and present devastating complications. Most cases are treated surgically using different types of fixation. The objective of the present study is to report the results of a series of cases of surgical patients in two reference hospitals in Chile. MATERIALS AND METHODS A case series which included pediatric patients diagnosed with hip fractures and treated surgically between 2004 and 2008. We performed descriptive statistics for the demographic variables, the energy of the accident, the Delbet classification, the type of treatment, the osteosynthesis technique, of complications, and the clinico-radiological evaluation according to evaluation. RESULTS A total of 17 cases were evaluated, 76.5% of which were secondary to high-energy accidents. The median age of the sample was of 7 years, and it was composed of 58.8% of girls. There were 3 cases of Delbet type II, 9 of type III, and 5 of type IV. As fixation method, we used cannulated screws (9 cases), locking compression plates (LCPs; 5 cases), dynamic hip screws (DHSs; 2 cases), and dynamic compression plates (DCPs; 1 case). The median follow-up was of 2.3 years (range: 0.5 to 12.8 years). Complications were observed: coxa vara in one case, and discrepancy in the length of the lower extremities in another case, and there were no cases of osteonecrosis. Osteosynthesis removal was performed in seven patients. Good results were obtained in all patients according to Ratliff criteria. CONCLUSIONS Most fractures were associated with high energy trauma, with the most frequent being type III on the Delbet classification. All the patients were treated surgically, with good results, with no cases of osteonecrosis.

Conceptos actuales: ventajas del clavo endomedular para fracturas del húmero proximal / Current concepts: advantages of intramedullary nail for proximal humerus fractures

Las fracturas de húmero proximal (FHP) son una de las fracturas más frecuentes en la población anciana. La reducción abierta y fijación interna (RAFI) generalmente está indicada para pacientes con una FHP desplazada en jóvenes o pacientes mayores con alta demanda funcional y buena calidad ósea. No se ha llegado a un consenso sobre la técnica de fijación ideal. La RAFI con placas ha sido la más utilizada, pero se han reportado altas tasas de reintervenciones y complicaciones globales en la literatura. La necesidad de agregar técnicas de aumentación a la RAFI con placas bloqueadas en fracturas complejas puede resultar en un tiempo quirúrgico más largo, abordajes extensos y mayores costos. Debido a esto, se hace necesario considerar otras opciones para la osteosíntesis de FHP. Con una mayor comprensión de los mecanismos de falla de la osteosíntesis, la fijación intramedular se ha convertido en una opción de tratamiento aceptada para las FHP con ventajas biomecánicas y biológicas. La fijación intramedular para las FHP ha demostrado menor tiempo quirúrgico, sangrado intraoperatorio, tiempo hasta la unión ósea y menores tasas de infecciones, que las placas bloqueadas. La fijación intramedular es una opción válida para que las fracturas complejas se resuelvan con un implante que por sí solo puede satisfacer en gran medida todas las necesidades de aumento requeridas por una placa bloqueada

Proximal humeral fractures are one of the most frequent fractures in the elderly population. Open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) is generally indicated for young patients and older patients with high functional demands and good bone quality. No consensus has been reached regarding the ideal fixation technique. Although ORIF with plates is the most widely used technique, high re-intervention rates and global complications with locked plate fixation have been reported in the literature. Addition of augmentation techniques to locked plate fixation in complex fractures may result in longer surgical times, extensive approaches, and higher costs. Therefore, considering other options for ORIF is necessary. With a greater understanding of the mechanisms of fixation failure, intramedullary fixation has become the accepted treatment option for proximal humeral fractures considering the specific biomechanical and biological advantages. Compared with ORIF with locked plates, intramedullary fixation for proximal humeral fractures has low surgical time, intraoperative bleeding, time to bone union, and rate of infections. Intramedullary fixation is a valid option to resolve complex fractures with an implant that may largely supply all the augmentation requirements of a locked plate.

Planificar fracturas es sencillo: desarrollo de un método básico de planificación digital basado en la técnica tradicional con lápiz y papel / Fracture planning is easy: Development of a basic method of digital planning based on the traditional pencil and paper technique

Introducción: La planificación preoperatoria constituye una herramienta fundamental en el manejo de fracturas; sin embargo, su aplicación práctica dista de lo deseado, quizá debido a la ausencia de un método básico y sencillo, adaptado a los tiempos actuales. Describimos un método de planificación digital, entre lo tradicional y lo tecnológico, que conserva su esencia educativa, permite comprender la fractura e individualizar la osteosíntesis. Material y métodos: Tras el análisis inicial de la fractura y características del paciente, se realizan diferentes mediciones en las imágenes de Rx y TC con un programa de imagen médica digital. Estas imágenes se copian en un programa de presentación (Microsoft® PowerPoint o Keynote ©Apple Inc.), en el que se reproducen con el puntero del ordenador los principales fragmentos y líneas de fractura. A continuación, estos se mueven a una posición reducida y se representan gráficamente los implantes para la fijación interna junto con un guion de la estrategia quirúrgica. Resultados: Mostramos 4 casos de diferentes tipos de fracturas intervenidas mediante reducción y osteosíntesis tras una planificación preoperatoria según el método descrito. Se detallan los puntos básicos para la planificación quirúrgica, logística, táctica y los resultados radiológicos postoperatorios de cada caso. Conclusiones: A pesar del auge de programas informáticos avanzados de planificación, los métodos tradicionales con lápiz y papel siguen siendo fundamentales, más aún para el traumatólogo en formación. El método de planificación digital descrito resulta muy adecuado para este objetivo, al aunar las ventajas de ambos métodos: sencillez, accesibilidad, rapidez, bajo coste, reproducibilidad, carácter formativo y eficacia y por posibilitar la simulación, correcciones y la reutilización de casos.(AU)

Introduction: Preoperative planning constitutes a fundamental tool in the management of fractures; however, its practical application is far from the desired, perhaps due to the absence of a basic and simple method, adapted to the current times. We describe a digital planning method, halfway between the traditional and the technological, which preserves its educational essence, allows the understanding of the fracture and the individualization of the osteosynthesis. Material and methods: After the initial analysis of the fracture and the patient's characteristics, different measurements are made on X-ray and CT images with a digital medical imaging software. These images are then copied into a presentation program (Microsoft® PowerPoint or Keynote ©Apple Inc.), in which the main fragments and fracture lines are traced with the computer pointer. These are subsequently moved into a reduced position and the implants for internal fixation are graphically represented together with a guide of the surgical strategy. Results: We show 4 cases of different types of fractures operated through reduction and osteosynthesis after preoperative planning according to the described method. The basic points for the surgical planning, logistics, tactics and postoperative radiological results of each case are detailed. Conclusions: Despite rise of advanced planning software, traditional paper and pencil methods are still fundamental, even more so for the trauma surgeon in training. The digital planning method described is very appropriate for this purpose, as it combines the advantages of both methods: simplicity, accessibility, quickness, low-cost, reproducibility, educational character, efficiency and possibility of simulation, corrections and reuse of cases.(AU)

[Translated article] Fracture planning is easy: Development of a basic method of digital planning based on the traditional pencil and paper technique / Planificar fracturas es sencillo: desarrollo de un método básico de planificación digital basado en la técnica tradicional con lápiz y papel

Introducción: La planificación preoperatoria constituye una herramienta fundamental en el manejo de fracturas; sin embargo, su aplicación práctica dista de lo deseado, quizá debido a la ausencia de un método básico y sencillo, adaptado a los tiempos actuales. Describimos un método de planificación digital, entre lo tradicional y lo tecnológico, que conserva su esencia educativa, permite comprender la fractura e individualizar la osteosíntesis. Material y métodos: Tras el análisis inicial de la fractura y características del paciente, se realizan diferentes mediciones en las imágenes de Rx y TC con un programa de imagen médica digital. Estas imágenes se copian en un programa de presentación (Microsoft® PowerPoint o Keynote ©Apple Inc.), en el que se reproducen con el puntero del ordenador los principales fragmentos y líneas de fractura. A continuación, estos se mueven a una posición reducida y se representan gráficamente los implantes para la fijación interna junto con un guion de la estrategia quirúrgica. Resultados: Mostramos 4 casos de diferentes tipos de fracturas intervenidas mediante reducción y osteosíntesis tras una planificación preoperatoria según el método descrito. Se detallan los puntos básicos para la planificación quirúrgica, logística, táctica y los resultados radiológicos postoperatorios de cada caso. Conclusiones: A pesar del auge de programas informáticos avanzados de planificación, los métodos tradicionales con lápiz y papel siguen siendo fundamentales, más aún para el traumatólogo en formación. El método de planificación digital descrito resulta muy adecuado para este objetivo, al aunar las ventajas de ambos métodos: sencillez, accesibilidad, rapidez, bajo coste, reproducibilidad, carácter formativo y eficacia y por posibilitar la simulación, correcciones y la reutilización de casos.(AU)

Introduction: Preoperative planning constitutes a fundamental tool in the management of fractures; however, its practical application is far from the desired, perhaps due to the absence of a basic and simple method, adapted to the current times. We describe a digital planning method, halfway between the traditional and the technological, which preserves its educational essence, allows the understanding of the fracture and the individualization of the osteosynthesis. Material and methods: After the initial analysis of the fracture and the patient's characteristics, different measurements are made on X-ray and CT images with a digital medical imaging software. These images are then copied into a presentation program (Microsoft® PowerPoint or Keynote ©Apple Inc.), in which the main fragments and fracture lines are traced with the computer pointer. These are subsequently moved into a reduced position and the implants for internal fixation are graphically represented together with a guide of the surgical strategy. Results: We show 4 cases of different types of fractures operated through reduction and osteosynthesis after preoperative planning according to the described method. The basic points for the surgical planning, logistics, tactics and postoperative radiological results of each case are detailed. Conclusions: Despite rise of advanced planning software, traditional paper and pencil methods are still fundamental, even more so for the trauma surgeon in training. The digital planning method described is very appropriate for this purpose, as it combines the advantages of both methods: simplicity, accessibility, quickness, low-cost, reproducibility, educational character, efficiency and possibility of simulation, corrections and reuse of cases.(AU)

Manejo de las fracturas maxilofaciales y sus complicaciones / Management of maxillofacial fractures and its complications

RESUMEN Antecedentes: el trauma maxilofacial corresponde a toda lesión traumática del macizo facial. Actualmente representa uno de los problemas de salud más importantes en el mundo. Nuestro objetivo es realizar un análisis de nuestra experiencia en las intervenciones realizadas en pacientes internados y sus complicaciones. Material y métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y observacional de 205 pacientes con fracturas maxilofaciales desde el año 2011 hasta el año 2019. Resultados: el 81,46% fueron hombres (n: 167) y el rango etario más afectado osciló entre los 21 y 30 años con el 38,54% (n:79). El accidente de tránsito 56,1% (n:115) fue el mecanismo de trauma más frecuente. Los tipos de fracturas faciales fueron: panfaciales 12,2% (n: 25), tercio superior 1,46% (n:3), tercio medio 72,2% (n:148) y tercio inferior 14,15% (n:29). Dentro del tercio superior, el 66,67% (n:2) fueron fracturas del seno frontal asociadas al hueso frontal, en el tercio medio las combinadas en un 54,73% (n:81) y en el tercio inferior, las complejas en el 34,48% (n:10). Fueron intervenidos 199 pacientes (97,07%). Solo el 11,56% (n:23) presentó alguna complicación. No se observaron complicaciones graves. Discusión: según nuestra serie, la mayoría de los pacientes fueron hombres jóvenes; la causa más frecuente, el accidente de tránsito, y el tercio medio, el más afectado, resultados estos similares a los de otros estudios publicados. El tratamiento quirúrgico fue principalmente reducción abierta y fijación con material de osteosíntesis de titanio, un procedimiento seguro y fiable, que permite restablecer la funcionalidad previa al traumatismo, con un índice muy bajo de complicaciones posoperatorias.

ABSTRACT Background: Maxillofacial trauma corresponds to all traumatic injuries affecting the facial bones. Nowadays, it represents one of the main healthcare issues worldwide. The aim of this study is to analyze our experience in the interventions performed in hospitalized and their complications. Material and methods: We performed a retrospective and observational study of 205 patients with maxillofacial fractures from 2011 to 2019. Results: 81.46% were men (n = 167) and 38.54% (n = 79) of the patients were between 21 and 30 years of age. Traffic collision was the most common mechanism of trauma (56,1%, n = 115). The types of facial fractures were panfacial (12.2%; n = 25), of the upper-third (1.43%; n = 3), of the middle-third (72.2%; n = 148) and of the lower third (14.15%; n = 29). In the upper third of the face frontal sinus fractures associated with the frontal bone were the most common (66.67%; n =2); in the middle-third combined fractures were most prevalent (54.73%; n = 81) while complex fractures were most frequent in the lower third (34,48%; n = 10). One-hundred and ninety-one patients were operated on (97.07%). Complications occurred in only 11.56% (n = 23) and were not serious. Discusion: In our series, most patients were young men, traffic collisions were the most common cause of trauma, and the middle third of the face was the most affected region. These results are similar to our publications. Surgical management, mostly by open reduction and fixation with titanium-based osteosynthesis material, is an effective, safe and reliable procedure, which allows the restoration of pre-trauma function, with very low rate of postoperative complications.

Luxofractura compleja del codo con compromiso del húmero distal: reporte de caso clínico / Complex elbow fracture-dislocation with distal humerus involvement: clinical case report

Es conocido que el codo se disloca con frecuencia, y corresponde a la primera causa de luxación en niños y a la segunda causa en adultos. Respecto a las fracturas distales, representan un tercio de todas las fracturas del húmero en población adulta. Por lo general, se presentan en una distribución bimodal que afecta a hombres jóvenes o a mujeres ancianas. En este artículo, reportamos un caso clínico poco frecuente de luxación de codo izquierdo complicada, producto de fractura del húmero distal, en una mujer de 64 años. La lesión comprende una luxación posterolateral de codo izquierdo complicada con fractura articular parcial (compromiso del cóndilo y de la tróclea humeral externa), sagital, multifragmentaria, de húmero distal que requirió tres intervenciones quirúrgicas y terapia de rehabilitación por seis meses que finalizaron en recuperación funcional de la estabilidad de la articulación del codo. El caso reportado es particular debido a la individualidad del paciente con sus comorbilidades, el mecanismo de producción de la luxofractura, el abordaje quirúrgico, y el éxito del tratamiento instaurado. Sin embargo, este éxito terapéutico debe ser confirmado en series de casos

It is known that the elbow is dislocated frequently, representing the first cause of dislocation in children and the second cause in adults. Regarding distal humerus fractures, they represent a third of all humerus fractures in the adult population. They generally occur in a bimodal distribution, affecting young men or elderly women. In the present article, we report a rare clinical case of a complicated left elbow dislocation due to a distal humerus fracture in a 64-year-old woman. The lesion includes a posterolateral dislocation of the left elbow complicated by a sagittal, multifragmentary, partial articular fracture (compromise of the condyle and external humeral trochlea) of the distal humerus which required three surgical interventions and rehabilitation therapy for six months and resulted in functional recovery of the stability of the elbow joint. The case herein reported is particular due to the individuality of the patient, with her comorbidities, the mechanism of production of the fracture-dislocation, the surgical approach, and the success of the established treatment. This therapeutic success must be confirmed in series of cases

[Translated article] Fracture planning is easy: Development of a basic method of digital planning based on the traditional pencil and paper technique.

INTRODUCTION: Preoperative planning constitutes a fundamental tool in the management of fractures; however, its practical application is far from the desired, perhaps due to the absence of a basic and simple method, adapted to the current times. We describe a digital planning method, halfway the traditional and the technological, which preserves its educational essence, allows for the understanding of the fracture and the individualisation of the osteosynthesis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: After the initial analysis of the fracture and the patient's characteristics, different measurements are made on X-ray and CT images with a digital medical imaging software. These images are then copied into a presentation programme (Microsoft® PowerPoint or Keynote ©Apple Inc.), in which the main fragments and fracture lines are traced with the computer pointer. These are subsequently moved into a reduced position and the implants for internal fixation are graphically represented together with a guide of the surgical strategy. RESULTS: We show 4 cases of different types of fractures operated through reduction and osteosynthesis after preoperative planning according to the described method. The basic points for the surgical planning, logistics, tactics and postoperative radiological results of each case are detailed. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the rise of advanced planning software, traditional paper and pencil methods are still fundamental, even more so for the trauma surgeon in training. The digital planning method described is very appropriate for this purpose, as it combines the advantages of both methods: simplicity, accessibility, quickness, low cost, reproducibility, educational character, efficiency and possibility of simulation, corrections and reuse of cases.